Improved Productivity and Efficient Manufacturing Using Injection Molding and 3D Printing: A Review

Abstract

With the use of injection molding and 3D printing, materials with complex shapes can be mass-produced with better productivity and quality working efficiency. Proper injection speed, temperature, pressure, and the right mold design are crucial in producing higher-quality products. In order to be competitive with regard to business and marketing in the manufacturing industries, engineers will need to boost productivity and maintain a high standard of quality with efficient manufacturing. This paper discusses the role of injection molding and 3D printing in improving productivity and enabling the efficient manufacturing of products. This study also makes an effort to review the various methods and procedures now in use for 3D printing and injection molding.

Introduction

I. INTRODUCTION

A. Injection Molding

One of the most widely used methods for making plastic parts is injection molding [1]. Parts made of thermoplastic and thermoset polymers can be produced with it [2]. The procedure typically starts by melting the polymers, which are often taken in the form of pellets or granules. The melt is then injected into the split-die mold's chamber. The melt is kept in the mold and either heated to cure (for thermoplastics) or chilled to harden (thermosets). The part is then evacuated after opening the mold. For a wide range of applications, thin-walled plastic parts are produced via injection molding [3].

1. The Process Cycle of Injection Molding

During injection molding, a polymer is inserted under intense pressure to be formed in the mold. The individual steps in this process are quite brief. Completing an injection molding process normally takes 2 seconds to 2 minutes [3]. In total, the cycle has four stages. These steps are clamping, injecting, chilling, and ejecting.

a. Clamping: Both of the mold's halves must be sealed up before the material is injected into it. A clamping device is used to close them. Then, one half can slide once the two halves are linked to the injection molding machine. The clamping unit presses the parts together, and the material is subsequently injected while both halves are tightly clamped. Larger, more powerful machines require more time to shut and clamp the mold [3].

b. Injection: A hopper is used to feed plastic pellets into the injection molding machine. The injection unit moves these pellets in the direction of the mold. The pellets are melted by the pressure and heat surrounding the barrel. The term "shot" refers to the amount of substance administered [3]. When the mold is filled to a 95%–99% level, the injection time is complete. Because the plastic flow is dynamic and constantly changing, it is challenging to determine the insertion time precisely. Other characteristics, such as injection pressure, power, and shot volume, can be used to predict injection time. An injection pressure of 35 to 140 MPa is possible. The machine's hydraulic system determines and regulates the injection rate and the maximum pressure that can be applied.

c. Cooling: After coming into contact with the interior of the mold, the plastic inside the mold starts to cool. The intended shape will be taken by the plastic as it cools and becomes harder. The component could slightly contract as it cools. The mold can only be opened after the required cooling time has ended. The predicted cooling time can be determined by looking at the part's wall thickness and the plastic's thermodynamic characteristics [3].

d. Ejection: Ejection from the machine is the last step. An ejection system is used for this. Force must be used to force the item out of the mold as it opens because it shrinks and adheres to the mold. Once the shot has been ejected, the mold can be closed once more, and the process can start over.  The quality of the end product is significantly influenced by the design of the mold. The type of mold that is used determines the product's strength, durability, shape, and size. The mold must be durable and strong enough to survive the pressures generated in the injection process. Additionally, the polymer needs to be able to move freely along the mold. Moreover, the mold needs to be adequately designed to enable heat transfer and regulate the cooling process.

B.  3-Dimension (3D) Printing

Rapid prototyping and additive manufacturing are terms used to describe a collection of procedures referred to as 3D printing. During this process, the material is added in layers that correspond to different aspects of the 3D objects, creating items [4]. Although the most popular materials for 3D printing are plastics and metal alloys, it may be used to create almost anything, including live tissue and concrete [5].

This is additive manufacturing instead of subtractive manufacturing techniques, which involve cutting a portion of a large material that supports an ultimate design for production. So, there is less material waste as a result of this innovation [6].

1. Technologies in 3D printing

With these technologies, we can print both plastic and metal components; the three techniques that are commonly applied are: sintering, melting, and stereolithography.

a. Sintering: High-resolution objects are produced using the sintering method, which involves heating the material but not to the point of melting. The process of direct laser sintering uses metal powder; for selective laser sintering, thermoplastic powder is used.

b. Melting: In 3D printing, melting techniques are applied during the production of objects that melt combined material at extreme temperatures. These melt techniques include the Powder Bed Fusion (PBF) process, the Electron Beam Melting (EBM) process, and the Directed-Energy Deposition (DED) process. Melting is a great and widely used technique.

c. Stereolithography: This technique uses photopolymerization to create parts. With the aid of the appropriate source of light, this technique selectively interacts with the material during production to produce a finished product with tinny layers which are solidified and fixed. SLA as abbreviated is a potent technology that creates incredibly precise and strong parts that can be employed immediately in the finished product for easy implementation.

2. 3D Printing and its Processes

The varieties of processes in 3D printing [7].

The varieties of processes in 3D printing have been categorized into 7 distinct groupings. All processes involved with 3D printing fit within one of the categories listed:

a. Binder Jetting: In this rapid process of prototyping and 3D printing, powder materials are joined by the selective deposition of an agent of liquid binding. The distributed powder is covered with a layer created by the binder jetting process. Furthermore, because powder materials are fused together during the binder jetting process, it is easy, quick, and inexpensive. Also, binder jetting can print items that are exceedingly huge.

b. Direct Energy Deposition: This is a relatively intricate process of printing where old components can often be repaired or given a boost of material. It is possible to create high-quality objects with directed energy deposition because it provides excellent influence over bulk material.

c. Materials Extrusion: Using 3D printing technology based on material extrusion, plastic printing, food printing, or the printing of living cells, is made possible in a variety of colors and multiple materials. This method has a large user base and incurs only little expenses. This method can also create product components that are completely operational. The primary system for material extrusion is Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM).

d. Materials Jetting: ASTM specifications describe this process as the usage of structural components which are placed in a drop-by-drop means while being selective about which materials to use. With the help of ultraviolet (UV) light, a printer sprays drops of a photosensitive substance which hardens and constructs layer-by-layer parts. Material jetting produced components with excellent dimensional precision and an extremely fine surface finish.

e. Powder Bed Fusion: This process makes use of three techniques, selective laser sintering which is abbreviated as SLS is a 3D printing technique that works quickly, accurately, and with different levels of surface polish. It produced a 3D object by sintering polymer particles with a powerful laser. The selective heat sintering technique, on the other hand, is another component of 3D printing that melts thermoplastic material and produce 3D printed objects, it is shortly referred to as the SHS technique. Finally, the electron beam melting technique, EBM technique improves the effectiveness of the source of energy for heating. The overall process melts or fuses the powder of the material combined by using a laser or an electron beam.

f. Sheet Lamination: As defined by ASTM, this is a 3D printing process in which material sheets are fused together to create a component of the product. There are two technologies that employ the method in this process, Ultrasonic Additive Manufacturing technique-UAM, and Laminated Object Manufacturing-LOM. Sheet lamination's benefits include its ability to produce full-color printing, affordability, ease of material handling, and recycling of extra material. Sheet lamination is also a good choice for promotional materials. LOM enables the production of intricate geometrical components at a lower cost and with a shorter production cycle. UAM is a cutting-edge manufacturing method that joins sheets of metal that are cut from foil material with no features.

g. Vat Photopolymerization: photopolymerization, a primary 3D printing method that is often employed, is the process of curing photo-reactive polymers with the use of ultraviolet-UV light, light, and laser. The SLA affected the photo initiator, the irradiation exposure under specific circumstances, and any added UV absorbers (such as pigments, dyes, or other UV absorbers). The stereolithography method that uses photopolymers is similar to digital processing in that regard. The exposure period, wavelength, and power source all play significant roles in vat photopolymerization. When the liquid is subjected to ultraviolet radiation, the components that were previously employed as liquids will harden. A sophisticated product having excellent features, or a large conductivity can be produced using photopolymerization.

II. OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

This study aims to create a platform for future research by reviewing and summarizing previous studies conducted on Injection Molding and 3D Printing processes. The study also seeks to discuss improving productivity and efficient manufacturing of products using injection molding and 3D printing. For this reason, the procedures that are completed throughout the design and manufacturing processes are used to categorize the literature review. The table below will detail the areas, processes, and potential causes of errors that hinder productivity and efficient manufacturing which is the focus of this research.

Table 1: Process and Cause of Errors

III. LITERATURE REVIEW

To understand the essential aspects and improve the molding operations, an extensive study is being conducted. Practical experimental tests and theoretical, computer-based simulation models have served as the foundation for a large portion of the work done over the past decade [2].

Here, we take a survey of some of the many research which is being done.

1. Shailesh Singh, Sunil Sahai, and Manoj Kumar Verma, 2021 [2]: Here from the creation of concepts to the manufacturing of products, the fundamental management principles are mastered. Processing parameters were supported by the effects of the several components examined. Given that productivity and quality are two crucial competing requirements in any machining operation. It is necessary to make some quality sacrifices in order to achieve high production. Similar to this, productivity declines but efforts to raise quality are focused. Optimizing the parameters of the machine is crucial to ensure the highest levels of quality and productivity. Different responses to the product performance criteria and procedures of the injection mold manufacturing process are investigated. This report provides an illustration of the current status of plastic injection molding. The manufacturing of a high-quality product satisfies the work performance. The study's conclusion was that a lot of work is being done in this area. However, a few of them have achieved success, necessitating extra attention in this area. This is due to the fact that, according to this study, many errors are brought on by processing parameters. Consequently, the product requires quality control procedures for the process parameters.
2. Oladapo, Bankole I., et al. 2020 [4]: There is a demand for necessary medical devices as a result of the coronavirus outbreak in 2019 (COVID-2019) due to the SARS0CoV-2 virus as well as its outbreak repercussions. It became more vital as the COVID-19 battle grew more intense to map out the disease's issues and stop its spread using the most up-to-date technology. One of several techniques that proved crucial in the struggle against COVID-19 was 3D printing. The authors of this paper assessed the progress made toward using 3D printing to solve COVID-19 as of October 2020 [6]. This paper highlights the following:

• 3D printers and software prevent COVID-19 because there was a lack of PPE during the outbreak.
• Describes in detail how to quickly and efficiently create 3D face masks and ventilators.
• Assesses the possibility of 3D printing to increase the supply of medical equipment to combat COVID-19.
• Examines significant 3D printing innovations from diverse institutions.
• Outlines a prospective path for medical equipment that would be used to treat and prevent COVID-19.

3. Fan, Daoyang, et al. 2020 [5]: This article reviews recent developments in 3D printing technology used to provide medical supplies. With its superior ability to create designs tailored specifically to a patient, high level of difficulty, preferable efficiency, and affordable manufacturing techniques, 3D printing is quickly gaining popularity as a production technology for use in medical operations. The primary uses for 3D printing in medicine are for tissue, anatomical, and validation models. Also, the design of pharmacological equipment as well as medical instruments and devices. The usage of 3D printing in orthopedics, one of the most technical fields, produces items for end users such as surgical navigation boards, spinal models, and restorations. A leader in medical device development is orthopedics. Currently, there are numerous 3D-printed medical products available on the market, such as surgical instruments, acetabular cups, knee implants, and spinal cafes. Additionally, 3D printing is used to create a custom hearing aid housings in about 99% of cases. The way doctors and health care workers were educated for surgical procedures has been revolutionized by pre-surgery printed physical models. About 16 different types of tissues have been printed by researchers thus far, providing tissue models for greater drug discovery. It is thought that the impact of 3D printing on clinical and associated basic research is expanding.

4. Yang, Kefan, Youmin Wang, and Guoqing Wang, 2022 [8]: There are five mold input variables that are studied in this research, the mold and melt temperatures, the holding time, and pressure, as the cooling time. These variables are very important to both the mold and the product during production. Each exploratory criterion is consistently chosen at 4 stages, and orthonormal tests are used to determine the effects of each input variable on the shrinkage volume and surface roughness deformation of the inner panel of a car door.

5.. Gu, Jiren, and Longbo Chen, 2021 [9]: Tried to introduce a new concept using computer-aided techniques to develop mechanical molds. According to them, Industrial productions are available in several different forms. There are many various uses for industrial products in daily life. They are unquestionably necessary to our daily lives. It was found that the mold industries are responsible for a large portion of the creation of products in industries. The mechanical design sector also has its roots in the mold industry. The conventional mold design notion, however, is a fairly old one. Additionally, there are a lot of drawbacks to standard mold design. On the basis of this, the specialists proposed a mechanical mold design that was supported by computer technology.

6. Agung, Daniel, Fransisca Debora, and Humiras Hardi Purba, 2018 [10]: As titled, the paper emphasizes how crucial it is for every industry to have a product's productivity. The OEE approach was used in the paper to assess the productivity of the injection mold and evaluate the five injection molds with the maximum standard working time between April and July. The study produced a rise in the median proportion of cavities from the pre-study average of 84.13% in April to July 2018 to the post-study average of 99.23% in August and September 2018, as shown in Figure 15. Additionally, the percentage increased from 76.6% in April to July 2018 to 94.33% in August and September 2018, both of which were the results of the study.

7. Park, HONG-SEOK, XUAN-PHUONG Dang, and Branko Katalinik, 2018 [11]: In this work, a conformal cooling channel that is used in a medium-sized injection mold to create an automotive component is studied. To shorten the cycle time and raise the caliber of the molded object, we enhanced the cooling system of an already-existing mold. The cooling phase, which makes up more than two-thirds of the molding cycle in injection molding, is particularly significant. A local approach was chosen because 3D printing is very expensive for making large molds. In order to effectively cool particularly hot areas of the mold, inserts with conformal cooling channels are a wise choice. Combining analytical and CAE simulation techniques, conformal cooling channels were designed. The cooling channel variables were generally identified using the analytical method, and the design was checked, tweaked, and the results were visualized using the simulation method. We examined the mold's performance in its present state and identified its shortcomings. In order to assess the state of the art and choose the best solution, the literature review methodology was also used. The circular pattern colling channel was determined to be the ideal option. The inserts were made using a direct metal laser melting technique. The cooling period can be cut by 23%, according to the results of actual testing. This represents a significant advancement from the project's initial stage. The smart system for such mold that was determined in section 4 will be developed in the following stage of this project. The creation of the smart mold is still ongoing. The temperature and pressure at important (considered) locations in the mold will be monitored utilizing a cavity sensor in the second phase of our project. Based on the heat and mechanical behavior that takes place in the mold, a smart molding control system will be created and put into use. In spite of disruption and uncontrolled variations, the molding process will maintain its productivity and quality.

IV. DISCUSSION

Industries are under a great deal of pressure to produce products of good quality and at a rapid rate because of the competitive market. As a result, production methods and new technologies have evolved. Injection molding and 3D printing are two manufacturing methods used to make plastic items quickly with fewer or no flaws, nevertheless, they are intricate processes with respect to the product, manufacturing setup, process variables, etc. The product's quality can be impacted by a slight modification to the process environment. Researchers have been working on the injection molding process and 3D printing for decades, optimizing several steps including the design of the mold and product, machine setup, process parameters, shape, etc. In order to improve productivity, this review work aims to identify the most important elements of the 3D printing and injection molding processes and to talk about the variables that must be taken into account before production, and efficient manufacturing to produce products with the most minimum or no defects.

A. Improving Productivity and Efficiency through Injection Molding

Mold’s productivity is measured by the quantity of output the mold can produce during a particular time, with desirable performance and best quality.

The 3 major stages of the injection molding process are filling and packing, cooling, and ejection. The stage of cooling is the most crucial of these since it has a major impact on both productivity and molding quality. Inappropriate faults such as the marks of the sink, residual thermal stress, discrepancy shrinkage, and warpage are minimized by a properly designed cooling channel, which also speeds up production and decreases cooling time. The complex molded part shape prevents simple and standard cooling channels from providing a consistent and effective cooling performance. One way for cooling complex parts is to use conformal cooling channels created via 3D printing.

1. Efficient Cooling System Improves Productivity in Injection Molding: A greater understanding of how to control cooling time can greatly improve productivity because it is one of the key elements for ensuring injection molding meets quality standards. Enhancing energy efficiency is important for many reasons, but cost-effectiveness is the main driver. The plastic processing sector has had to boost efficiency due to rising input costs for power, labor, raw materials, and infrastructure. Additionally, there is competition on a local and international level. So, now more than ever, increasing productivity is key.
2. Better cooling Improves Efficiency: Better control over cooling time can greatly improve productivity since it is the largest factor in the plastic molding cycle and one of the determining factors for the quality criteria. An efficient and consistent cooling system is necessary for processing plastics.

3. Uniform Temperature: Modifications in mold temperature have the biggest impact on cycle time. This is why it's important for mold designers to maintain a constant temperature. The difference in temperature between the cavity and the core is a problem in this area. The polymer melt tends to contract toward the core side as it cools. The core side requires more effective cooling since more material is in touch with it and more heat will escape via the core than through the cavity. When the gradient is too high, warpage is a given. A temperature difference between the core and cavity that is no greater than 5? is what mold designers should aim for. The choice of materials is the most important component in determining this. The uniformity and disparity of temperature also alter as a result of variations in the mold's thermal conductivity. Mold designers can confidently specify more cheap materials in applications requiring higher tolerances since they know that there will likely be a temperature difference of more than 5? and a predictable quantity of warpage. Extended cycle times or more expensive materials, such as copper alloy, will be required for applications with finer tolerances or higher overall volume in order to keep inside the 5? restrictions.

Within the first 10 seconds of cooling, core materials have a major impact on part warpage.

     4. Uniform Pressure: Similar to temperature, it's best to maintain a consistent pressure within cooling lines. An ideal pressure drop across the mold of 5 psi should be the goal for mold designers. Coolant will flow with adequate turbulence and blockages will be simpler to identify with uniform pressure throughout the branches of the cooling system. Pressure will drop by more than 5 psi if the Reynolds number does not reach the appropriate value, leading to hot patches that threaten the thermal equilibrium. Effective cooling depends on a turbulent flow. Contrary to laminar flow, which only moves heat through conduction, turbulent flow moves heat both by conduction and convection. This significantly improves efficiency.

5. Mold Temperature: Another element to take into consideration when developing an effective cooling system is the temperature difference between the hot polymer that is filling the mold and the mold itself. A discrepancy of no more than 25% is what mold designers should aim for. The component's finish quality will normally be undesirable if there is a temperature difference of more than 25% between the mold and the melt. The closer the mold temperature is to the melt, the better the finish quality you can anticipate in the part.

6. Basic Cooling Strategies and Advanced Cooling Strategies: Achieving uniform temperatures and pressures which improve efficiency starts with the fundamentals of either of the cooling strategies. Based on the engineer’s choice, the two strategies are essential for optimizing cooling performance that supports the required combination of speed, quality, and cost of application. Once the fundamentals are in place, these strategies can help achieve a portion of the study’s objective.  

Table 2: Basic Cooling Strategies vs Advanced Cooling Strategies

B.  Improving Productivity and Efficiency through 3D Printing

Through technological innovation, 3D printing has become a broad field. For companies looking to improve productivity and increase industrial efficiency, it creates new possibilities and inspires hope in numerous directions. The manufacturing line has shifted and sectors are undergoing changes due to the technology involved with 3D printing. Adopting this technology boosts efficiency and reduces spending. Meanwhile, consumer request has more impact on production. Customers might request that a product be created according to their specifications and have a greater say in the final result. As a result of the 3D printing technology's facilities being situated closer to the consumer, the manufacturing process is becoming more adaptable and responsive, and there will be better quality control.

The number of pressing cycles is reduced, component placement is guaranteed, and careless errors are reduced with the help of 3D printing. Improved productivity also results in a decrease in any product quality parameter deviations. The use of jigs reduces the entire cycle, depending on the complexity of the part, by 5 to 15%, as practically estimated immediately in production.

The advantage grows along with product complexity. A significant improvement in process efficiency results from the production volumes. Naturally, there has been a shift in how people think about product development since the invention of 3D printing technology. The fact that you have a prototype of the product during production greatly helps. In addition to all of this, 3D printing also decreases product complexity, material usage, and printing time while improving efficiency.

Conclusion

The goal of every manufacturing industry is to improve productivity and provide efficient manufacturing throughout production to meet the required standards for customer satisfaction. Both additive manufacturing (3D printing) and injection molding industries are no exception. Improved productivity and efficient manufacturing are achieved through 3D Printing and Injection Molding as studied in this review. Similar to any other manufacturing process, 3D printing needs premium materials that meet exacting standards in order to reliably generate high-quality products. To do this, suppliers of the materials, buyers, and end-users adopt policies, requirements, and agreements regarding material controls. Ceramic, metallic, and polymer materials, as well as their mixtures (hybrid), composite, or materials rated for functionality, can be used in 3D printing to efficiently manufacture completely functional parts. On the other hand, the productivity and efficiency of products are greatly influenced by the injection mold’s cooling system and strategies. A uniform temperature and pressure must always be maintained, following a consistent consideration of the 5 critical factors of part quality.

References

[1] Selvaraj, Senthil Kumaran, et al. \"A review on machine learning models in injection molding machines.\" Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (2022): 1-28. [HTML] hindawi.com [2] Singh, Shailesh, Sunil Sahai, and Manoj Kumar Verma. \"A Review on Plastic Moulding Manufacturing Process and Parameters.\" Int. J. Adv. Eng. Res. Sci 8.8 (2021). [PDF] academia.edu [3] REDDY, K. SRINIVASULU. \"DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF INJECTION MOULD FOR O-GIVE COMPONENT.\" Science and Engineering (IJMMSE) 3.3 (2013): 1-14. [PDF] academia.edu [4] Oladapo, Bankole I., et al. \"Review on 3D printing: Fight against COVID-19.\" Materials chemistry and physics 258 (2021): 123943. [HTML] nih.gov [5] Fan, Daoyang, et al. \"Progressive 3D printing technology and its application in medical materials.\" Frontiers in pharmacology 11 (2020): 122. [HTML] frontiersin.org [6] Sarvankar, Shruti Ganesh, and Sanket Nandaram Yewale. \"Additive manufacturing in automobile industry.\" Int. J. Res. Aeronaut. Mech. Eng 7.4 (2019): 1-10. [PDF] academia.edu [7] Shahrubudin, Nurhalida, Te Chuan Lee, and R. J. P. M. Ramlan. \"An overview on 3D printing technology: Technological, materials, and applications.\" Procedia Manufacturing 35 (2019): 1286-1296. [PDF] sciencedirect.com [8] Yang, Kefan, Youmin Wang, and Guoqing Wang. \"Research on the Injection Mold Design and Molding Process Parameter Optimization of a Car Door Inner [9] Panel.\" Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (2022). [HTML] hindawi.comGu, Jiren, and Longbo Chen. \"Application Research of Mechanical Mold Design Based on Computer Aided Technology.\" Journal of Physics: Conference Series. Vol. 2074. No. 1. IOP Publishing, 2021. [PDF] iop.org [10] Agung, Daniel, Fransisca Debora, and Humiras Hardi Purba. \"Increased Productivity of Injection Molding with Analysis of Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE).\" Int. J. Res. Eng. Sci. Manag 1.12 (2018): 1-7. [PDF] ijresm.com [11] Park, HONG-SEOK, XUAN-PHUONG Dang, and Branko Katalinik. \"Technology for improving productivity and quality of injection molding.\" DAAAM International Scientific Book (2018): 185b194. [PDF] daaam.inf [12] Párizs, Richárd Dominik, et al. \"Multiple In-Mold Sensors for Quality and Process Control in Injection Molding.\" Sensors 23.3 (2023): 1735. [PDF] idpi.com [13] Liverani, Alfredo, et al. \"Conformal 3D Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing for Large Moulds.\" Applied Sciences 13.3 (2023): 1892. [HTML] idpi.com [14] Silva, Bruno, et al. \"Enhance the Injection Molding Quality Prediction with Artificial Intelligence to Reach Zero-Defect Manufacturing.\" Processes 11.1 (2023): 62. [HTML] idpi.com [15] Aminabadi, S. S., et al. \"Industry 4.0 In-Line AI Quality Control of Plastic Injection Molded Parts. Polymers 2022, 14, 3551.\" (2022). [PDF] researcggate.net [16] Párizs, Richárd Dominik, et al. \"Machine learning in injection molding: an industry 4.0 method of quality prediction.\" Sensors 22.7 (2022): 2704. [PDF] idpi.com [17] Schuhmann, Dirk, et al. \"A Study on Additive Manufacturing of Metal Components for Mobility in the Area of After-Sales with Spare and Performance Parts.\" Vehicles 4.4 (2022): 957-977. [PDF] idpi.com [18] Bagalkot, Anurag, et al. \"Analysis of raised feature failures on 3D printed injection moulds.\" Polymers 13.10 (2021): 1541. [HTML] mdpi.com [19] Jung, Hail, et al. \"Application of machine learning techniques in injection molding quality prediction: Implications on sustainable manufacturing industry.\" Sustainability 13.8 (2021): 4120. [PDF] mdpi.com [20] Kuo, Chil-Chyuan, and Wei-Hua Chen. \"Improving cooling performance of injection molding tool with conformal cooling channel by adding hybrid fillers.\" Polymers 13.8 (2021): 1224. [PDF] mdpi.com [21] Wick-Joliat, René, et al. \"Water-soluble sacrificial 3D printed molds for fast prototyping in ceramic injection molding.\" Additive Manufacturing 48 (2021): 102408. [HTML] sciencedirect.com [22] Sheikh, Mohammed Shoeab, and Prashant Sharma. \"Study & Review of Design and Manufacturing of Vertical Injection Moulding Machine Prototype Parts.\" International journal for technological research in engineering, National coference on importance of inter-disciplinary studies in higher education in the areas of engineering science management and humanities 81 (2018). [PDF] researchgate.net [23] Jiang, Jingchao, and Yongsheng Ma. \"Path planning strategies to optimize accuracy, quality, build time and material use in additive manufacturing: a review.\" Micromachines 11.7 (2020): 633. [PDF] mdpi.com [24] Kale, P. D., P. D. Darade, and A. R. Sahu. \"A literature review on injection moulding process based on runner system and process variables.\" IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. Vol. 1017. No. 1. IOP Publishing, 2021. [PDF] iop.org [25] Fu, Hongbo, et al. \"Overview of injection molding technology for processing polymers and their composites.\" ES Materials & Manufacturing 8.4 (2020): 3-23. [HDML] espublisher.com [26] Kim, Namjung, et al. \"Improving surface roughness of additively manufactured parts using a photopolymerization model and multi-objective particle swarm optimization.\" Applied Sciences 9.1 (2019): 151. [PDF] mdpi.com [27] Dey, Arup, and Nita Yodo. \"A systematic survey of FDM process parameter optimization and their influence on part characteristics.\" Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 3.3 (2019): 64. [PDF] mdpi.com [28] Park, Hong-Seok, et al. \"Design of advanced injection mold to increase cooling efficiency.\" International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing-Green Technology 7 (2020): 319-328. [PDF] researchgate.net [29] Navin Kumar and Mayur Thombre “A Survey Approach of Optimization of Injection Molding Process Parameter”, IJARIIE-ISSN(O)-2395-43966, Vol-4, Issue-2 2018, pages 343-346. [Google Scholar] [30] Miranda, Diego Alves de, and André Lourenço Nogueira. \"Simulation of an injection process using a CAE tool: assessment of operational conditions and mold design on the process efficiency.\" Materials Research 22 (2019). [HDML] scielo.br [31] Khan, Rizwan Mohd, and Gaurav Acharya. \"Plastic injection molding process and its aspects for quality: a review.\" Eur. J. Adv. Eng. Technol 3.4 (2016): 66-70. (Google Scholar) [32] Yunus, Mohammed, Mohammad S. Alsoufi, and Mohammed Salman Mustafa. \"Optimizing the die design parameters of a two cavity injection moulding tool for a fan blade back cover using mold flow analysis.\" International Journal in IT & Engineering 3.6 (2015): 92-103. [PDF] researchgate.net [33] Ganeshkar, Jitendra Dilip, and R. B. Patil. \"Design of ‘plastic injection mold’for an ‘air vent bezel’through flow analysis (CAE) for design enhancement.\" International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 3.12 (2014): 236-241. [PDF] academia.edu [34] Ferreira, Irene, et al. \"A multidisciplinary framework to support the design of injection mold tools.\" Structural and multidisciplinary optimization 49 (2014): 501-521. [PDF] academia.edu [35] Van Dijk, R. E. C., et al. \"Multidisciplinary design and optimization of a plastic injection mold using an integrated design and engineering environment.\" NAFEMS World Congress 2011, Boston, USA, 23-26 May, 2011. NAFEMS ltd, 2011. [PDF] academia.ed [36] Mikó, Balázs. \"DESIGN AND PRODUCTION WORKFLOW OF PLASTIC INJECTION MOULDS.\" [PDF] researchgate.net [37] Pimpalkar, P. B., and V. S. Khangar. \"Design And Development Of Mould For Wire Manager: A Review.\" [38] Bharti, P. K., and M. I. Khan. \"Recent methods for optimization of plastic injection molding process-A retrospective and literature review.\" (2010): 4540-4554. [39] Ferreira, Irene, et al. \"Multidisciplinary optimization of injection molding systems.\" Structural and multidisciplinary optimization 41 (2010): 621-635. [PDF] psu.edu

Copyright

Copyright © 2023 Smith Samah, Durgesh Y. Borse, Vishal N. Sulakhe. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.